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1.
Rev. cuba. estomatol ; 59(1)mar. 2022.
Article in Spanish | LILACS, CUMED | ID: biblio-1408376

ABSTRACT

Introducción: Como parte de las estrategias de lucha contra el VIH/sida, la OMS incluye la educación como una herramienta importante. Asimismo, recomienda hacer énfasis en la capacitación de los profesionales de salud sobre el manejo integral con calidad, ética y dignidad de personas afectadas. Objetivo: Evaluar las actitudes y conocimientos frente a la atención de personas con VIH/sida en estudiantes de Odontología. Métodos: De 588 estudiantes de Odontología matriculados en una universidad pública peruana en el año 2018, se seleccionó por métodos probabilísticos una muestra de 235 estudiantes. Se recogieron los datos sociodemográficos y el nivel de conocimientos mediante un cuestionario de 30 preguntas, dividiendo los puntajes en bueno (≥ 20), regular (15-19) y malo (< 15). Las actitudes fueron medidas mediante una escala de 20 ítems, siendo los puntajes obtenidos clasificados en favorable (70-100), indiferente (50-69) y desfavorable (< 50). Se realizó un estudio piloto con 60 estudiantes, a partir del cual se determinó un grado de confiabilidad K-R = 0,87 para el cuestionario de conocimientos y alpha de Cronbach de 0,89 para las actitudes. Resultados: El 57 pòr ciento (IC 95 pòr ciento: 50,7-63,4 pòr ciento) de los estudiantes presentó buen nivel de conocimiento (≥ 20 puntos), la actitud más frecuente fue indiferente en un 79,6 pòr ciento. El puntaje de conocimientos en estudiantes de cursos clínicos fue estadísticamente mayor que los obtenidos por los que cursaban cursos preclínicos (p < 0,05). Se encontró relación lineal significativa entre los puntajes de actitudes y conocimientos (rho = 0,23; p < 0,001). Conclusiones: Los estudiantes obtuvieron puntajes buenos de conocimientos, sin embargo, las actitudes a la atención de pacientes con VIH/sida son indiferentes. Los puntajes de conocimientos y actitudes se correlacionaron linealmente. Además, llevar cursos clínicos se relacionó con el nivel de conocimientos, mas no así con las actitudes(AU)


ABSTRACT Introduction: To the WHO, education is an important strategy in the fight against HIV/AIDS. The Organization recommends that emphasis is made on the training of health professionals in the comprehensive management of the people affected with quality, ethics and dignity. Objective: Evaluate the knowledge and attitudes of dental students toward caring for people with HIV/AIDS. Methods: Of the total 588 dental students attending a Peruvian public university in the year 2018, a sample of 235 was selected by probabilistic sampling. A 30-item questionnaire was used to collect data about sociodemographic characteristics and level of knowledge, dividing the scores into Good (≥ 20), Fair (15-19) and Poor (< 15). Attitudes were measured on a 20-item scale, and the scores obtained were classified as Favorable (70-100), Indifferent (50-69) or Unfavorable (< 50). A pilot study conducted with 60 students obtained a K-R reliability grade of 0.87 for the knowledge questionnaire and a Cronbach's alpha of 0.89 for attitudes. Results: 57 percent (CI 95 percent: 50.7-63.4 percent) of the students showed a good level of knowledge (≥ 20 points), whereas the most common attitude was Indifferent in 79.6 percent. The knowledge score of students attending clinical courses was statistically higher than that of students in preclinical courses (p < 0.05). A significant linear relationship was found between attitude and knowledge scores (rho = 0.23; p < 0.001). Conclusions: The students obtained good knowledge scores, but attitudes toward the care of HIV/AIDS patients are indifferent. Knowledge and attitudes scores are linearly correlated. Attending clinical courses was associated to the level of knowledge, not to attitudes(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Students, Dental , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/etiology , Patient Care/methods , Data Collection , Surveys and Questionnaires , Health Strategies , Total Quality Management
2.
Med. leg. Costa Rica ; 37(1): 101-113, ene.-mar. 2020. graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1098377

ABSTRACT

Abstract Forensic microbiology is a scientific area that has emerged with the need to investigate biocrimes, as in the case of intentional transmission of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). The present exploratory work aimed to demonstrate how biomedical technology, such as phylogenetics and quantification of viral load and CD4+ T lymphocytes, can be used to produce technical evidence that brings more certainty in determining the authorship and materiality of these criminal behaviors.


Resumen La microbiología forense es un área científica que ha surgido con la necesidad de investigar los delitos biológicos, como en el caso de la transmisión intencional del virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH). Este trabajo exploratorio tuvo como objetivo demostrar cómo la tecnología biomédica, como la filogenética y la cuantificación de la carga viral y los linfocitos T CD4+, puede usarse para producir evidencia técnica que brinde más certeza para determinar la autoría y la materialidad de estas conductas criminales.


Subject(s)
Sex Offenses , HIV , Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active/methods , Microbiology , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/etiology , Coroners and Medical Examiners , DNA Transformation Competence , Forensic Medicine
3.
Rev. cuba. enferm ; 33(3): e1308, jul.-set. 2017.
Article in Portuguese | CUMED, LILACS | ID: biblio-1138916

ABSTRACT

RESUMO Introdução: A expansão da infecção pelo HIV/aids em mulheres se relaciona a vulnerabilidade feminina, visto suas características biológicas, sociais, econômicas e culturais que favorecem a aquisição do HIV. Outros estudos têm discutido sobre o apoio social, a gestão da doença e as atividades espirituais como principais mecanismos de enfrentamento utilizados por essa população. Objetivo: analisar mecanismos de enfrentamento utilizados por mulheres vivendo com o HIV/aids. Métodos: trata-se de um estudo qualitativo, desenvolvido num serviço especializado, com 12 mulheres com diagnóstico de infecção pelo HIV. Para a coleta de dados foram realizadas entrevistadas e seus conteúdos foram analisados segundo análise temática. Resultados: a partir análise das falas emergiu a categoria mecanismos de enfrentamento utilizados por mulheres que vivem com HIV/aids; e duas subcategorias: Enfrentamento positivo (Busca por religiosidade; Suporte social) e o Enfrentamento negativo (Silenciando a soropositividade ao HIV). Conclusões: o suporte social encontrado na família nuclear e o apoio encontrado na religiosidade, contribuíram para a superação das dificuldades. Porém, a mulher ainda mantém silêncio sobre seu diagnóstico de soropositividade ao HIV por medo de discriminação e situações de preconceito(AU)


RESUMEN Introducción: La propagación del VIH / sida en las mujeres está relacionada con la vulnerabilidad de las mujeres, ya que sus características biológicas, sociales, económicos y culturales que favorecen la adquisición del VIH. Otros estudios han discutido sobre el apoyo social, la gestión de la enfermedad y las actividades espirituales como principales mecanismos de afrontamiento utilizadas por esta población. Objetivo: Analizar los mecanismos utilizados por las mujeres que viven con el VIH / sida de afrontamiento. Métodos: Se trata de un estudio cualitativo, desarrollado un servicio especializado con 12 mujeres con diagnóstico de infección por VIH. Para la recolección de los datos se realizaron entrevistado y sus contenidos se analizaron mediante análisis temático. Resultados: A partir del análisis de los discursos surgió la categoría de los mecanismos utilizados por las mujeres que viven con el VIH / sida de afrontamiento; y dos sub-categorías: afrontamiento positivo (búsqueda de la religiosidad, apoyo social) y afrontamiento negativo (Silenciar seropositividad al VIH). Conclusiones: El apoyo social que se encuentra en la familia nuclear y el apoyo que se encuentra en la religiosidad, contribuyó a superar las dificultades. Pero la mujer todavía guarda silencio sobre su diagnóstico de seropositividad al VIH por miedo a situaciones de discriminación y los prejuicios(AU)


ABSTRACT Introduction: The spread of HIV / aids in women is related to women's vulnerability, as their biological, social, economic and cultural characteristics that favor the acquisition of HIV. Other studies have discussed about social support, disease management and spiritual activities as main coping mechanisms used by this population. Objective: To analyze coping mechanisms used by women living with HIV / aids. Methods: This is a qualitative study, developed a specialized service with 12 women diagnosed with HIV infection. For data collection were performed interviewed and their contents were analyzed using thematic analysis. Results: From analysis of the speeches emerged the category coping mechanisms used by women living with HIV / aids; and two sub-categories: positive coping (Search for religiosity, social support) and negative coping (Silencing seropositivity to HIV). Conclusions: The social support found in the nuclear family and the support found in religiosity, contributed to overcome the difficulties. But the woman still keeps silent about his diagnosis of seropositivity to HIV for fear of discrimination and prejudice situations(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Social Support , Adaptation, Psychological , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/etiology , Disease Management
4.
Online braz. j. nurs. (Online) ; 14(2): 205-216, jun. 2015. ilus
Article in English, Spanish, Portuguese | BDENF, LILACS | ID: biblio-1122528

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: sumarizar a produção científica publicada na literatura nacional e internacional relacionada ao HIV/Aids na população indígena. MÉTODO: revisão integrativa, realizada em novembro de 2014 nas bibliotecas virtuais LILACS, SCOPUS, PUBMED e BVS, utilizando como estratégia de busca as palavras chave: HIV, HIV infections, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, Indigenous population e Health of Indigenous, sem considerar período de publicação das obras. RESULTADOS: os artigos que atenderam aos critérios de inclusão originaram dois eixos temáticos: "Aids na população indígena: contextos de vulnerabilidade e risco" e "enfrentamento da Aids e os desafios da saúde indígena". DISCUSSÃO: observou-se a necessidade de implementação de medidas que visem o controle e a prevenção da Aids nas tribos indígenas, como também de ações educativas inerentes aos hábitos tradicionais dessa população. CONCLUSÃO: essas evidências contribuirão para o direcionamento de ações eficazes de prevenção da Aids voltadas à população indígena.


AIM: To summarize the scientific production published in national and international literature related to HIV/AIDS in the indigenous population. METHOD: Integrative review, held in November 2014 in the virtual libraries LILACS, SCOPUS, PubMed and BVS, using these keywords as a search strategy; HIV, HIV infections, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, Indigenous Population and Health of Indigenous, regardless of the period of publication of these works. RESULTS: The articles that met the inclusion criteria gave rise to two main themes: "AIDS in the indigenous population: contexts of vulnerability and risk" and "The battle against AIDS and the challenges of indigenous health." DISCUSSION: There was a need to implement measures to control and prevent AIDS in indigenous tribes, as well as educational activities inherent to the traditional habits of this population. CONCLUSION: This evidence will contribute to the effective targeting of AIDS prevention actions aimed at the indigenous population.


OBJETIVO: resumir la producción científica publicada en la literatura nacional e internacional relacionada al HIV/SIDA en la población indígena. MÉTODO: revisión integradora, realizada en noviembre de 2014 en las bibliotecas virtuales LILACS, SCOPUS, PUBMED y BVS, utilizando como estrategia de búsqueda las palabras claves: HIV, HIV infections, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, Indigenous population y Health of Indigenous, sin considerar período de publicación de las obras. RESULTADOS: los artículos que atendieron a los criterios de inclusión originaron dos ejes temáticos: "SIDA en la población indígena: contextos de vulnerabilidad y riesgo" y "enfrentamiento del SIDA y los desafíos de la salud indígena". DISCUSIÓN: se observó la necesidad de la implementación de medidas que señalen un control y la prevención del SIDAa en las tribus indígenas, como también de acciones educativas inherentes a los hábitos tradicionales de esa población. CONCLUSIÓN: esas evidencias contribuirán para el direccionamiento de una acción eficaz de prevención del SIDA direccionadas a la población indígena.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/etiology , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/prevention & control , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/transmission , Health of Indigenous Peoples , Indigenous Peoples , Health Education , Risk Factors , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/therapy , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/epidemiology , Disease Prevention , Health Vulnerability
5.
Rev. chil. infectol ; 32(supl.1): 57-71, feb. 2015. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-742526

ABSTRACT

The ongoing human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection epidemic coupled with more efficacious and available treatments has led to a larger number of patients living with HIV or AIDS. As a result, skin manifestations related to HIV/AIDS or its therapy have become increasingly more common and are reported to occur in as many as 95% of patients. Herein, we review the most common HIV/AIDS related cutaneous pathologies and classify them into inflammatory, HAART-associated, neoplastic, and infectious manifestations. Cutaneous manifestations should be promptly recognized and treated by physicians and health care personnel in order to provide optimal care.


La epidemia del virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) sumado al mayor acceso a terapias antiretrovirales (TARV) han llevado a un aumento del número y la sobrevida de pacientes que viven con esta infección crónica. Se estima que hasta 95% de los pacientes con infección por VIH/SIDA presentarán alguna manifestación cutánea, por lo cual, debemos conocerlas. En la presente revisión se estudiarán las manifestaciones cutáneas de la infección por el VIH/SIDA clasificadas como: manifestaciones inflamatorias, manifestaciones asociadas a la TARV, manifestaciones neoplásicas y manifestaciones infecciosas asociadas a infección por VIH/SIDA (bacterianas, virales, fúngicas y parasitarias). Estas manifestaciones deben ser reconocidas por los médicos y el personal de salud a cargo del tratamiento y control de los pacientes con esta patología crónica.


Subject(s)
Humans , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/etiology , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/complications , Skin Diseases, Infectious/etiology , Skin Neoplasms/etiology , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/drug therapy , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/drug therapy , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/etiology , Angiomatosis, Bacillary/etiology , Anti-Retroviral Agents/adverse effects , Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active/adverse effects , Dermatitis, Seborrheic/etiology , Psoriasis/etiology , Sarcoma, Kaposi/etiology , Sarcoma, Kaposi/pathology , Skin Diseases, Infectious/physiopathology , Skin Neoplasms/pathology , Syphilis, Cutaneous/etiology
7.
Rev. cuba. enferm ; 28(4): 521-531, sep.-dic. 2012.
Article in Spanish | LILACS, BDENF, CUMED | ID: lil-666706

ABSTRACT

Se realizó una investigación descriptiva, cualicuantitativa, de corte transversal y prospectiva con el objetivo de evaluar el efecto de la percepción del riesgo en el cuidado enfermero en paciente viviendo con VIH-sida. El universo fue de 3067 enfermeros (as) siendo la muestra de 613 enfermeros (as) lo que representa un 20 por ciento del universo, teniendo como criterio de inclusión que el personal seleccionado estuviera vinculado directamente a labores asistenciales y representadas las diferentes categorías ocupacionales. Se obtuvo como resultados que el porciento reflejado a la no percepción fue de 18,4 por ciento y predominó la categoría técnica para un 41,5 por ciento. En relación al cumplimiento de seguridad ante los incidentes y el uso de dispositivos dispuestos, el 5,5 por ciento no lo tienen en cuenta y al relacionar como lo asumen con las categorías profesionales, los enfermeros básicos representaron el 7,3 por ciento y le siguieron los licenciados para un 6,2 por ciento. El 25,3 por ciento de la muestra han sufrido accidentes o incidentes que propician a la exposición del riesgo. Se refleja en el análisis de la percepción de ser contaminado el 24,6 por ciento no lo siente a pesar de que incide en el paciente o individuo supuestamente sano(AU)


We performed a descriptive, quali-quantitative, cross-sectional and prospective in order to evaluate the effect of risk perception in nursing care in patient living with HIV-AIDS. The universe was 3067 nurses (as) being the sample of 613 nurses (as) representing 20 percent of the universe, with the inclusion criteria were selected personnel work directly linked to welfare and represented different occupational categories. Such analysis indicated that the percent reflected a failure to collect was 18,4 percent, predominantly technical category to 41,5 percent. Regarding compliance to security incidents and the use of devices located, 5,5percent is not taken into account and assumed to relate as professional categories, basic nurses accounted for 7,3 percent and was followed for graduates 6,2 percent. The 25,3 percent of the sample have had accidents or incidents that lead to risk exposure. It is reflected in the analysis of the perception of being contaminated by 24,6 percent, although it does not feel that affects the individual patient or supposedly healthy(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/etiology , Nursing Care , Risk Factors , Nurse-Patient Relations , Occupational Risks , Epidemiology, Descriptive , Prospective Studies , Cross-Sectional Studies
8.
Rev. GASTROHNUP ; 14(2): 44-48, ene.15, 2012. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-648026

ABSTRACT

Introducción: La desnutrición (DNT) es una de las complicaciones más tempranas que se presenta en niños con infección por VIH/SIDA, asociada a su morbimortalidad. Igualmente como consecuencia de la terapia antriretroviral y otros medicamentos utilizados, se han encontrado problemas de resistencia a la insulina y obesidad. Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de malnutrición (MNT) en niños con infección por VIH/SIDA por carga viral de la Clínica de VIH/SIDA del Hospital Universitario del Valle de Cali, Colombia (HUV) y su posible asociación con algunos factores de riesgo. Metodología: Estudio descriptivo, observacional de corte transversal, con análisis de casos y controles, a quienes se les tomaron datos como carga viral, %CD4, peso y talla. Se categorizó la carga viral (copias/ml) en: <400, ≥400-<300000, ≥30000-<1 millón y ≥1 millón; y el %CD4 en: <15%, ≥15%-<25% y ≥25%. Se consideró DNT global (déficit P/E≥10%), DNT crónica (déficit T/E≥5%), DNT aguda (déficit P/T≥10%) y sobrepeso (exceso P/T≥10%). Resultados: Fueron incluidos 111 niños entre 0 meses y 15 años de edad, con predominio del género masculino (51,3%), con modo de transmisión vertical en 91,8%. El 58.5% tenían entre ≥400-<300000 copias/ml de carga viral; y el 59% presentaron %CD4 ≥25%. La valoración nutricional evidenció DNT global en 64%, DNT aguda en 58%, DNT crónica en 22% y sobrepeso en 18%. Hubo riesgo de 1.7, 1.5 y 2.0 veces más de presentar DNT global, aguda y crónica, respectivamente, si la carga viral era ≥400 copias/ml. Conclusión: En niños con infección por VIH/SIDA por carga viral de la Clínica Pediátrica de VIH/SIDA del HUV de Cali, Colombia, la prevalencia de MNT fue superior al 18%, con una relación positiva superior a 1.5 veces entre carga viral y los diferentes tipos de DNT.


Introduction: Undernutrition (UNT) is a complication that occurs earlier in children with HIV/AIDS associated morbidity and mortality. Also as a result of anti-retroviral therapies and other drugs used, have encountered problems of insulin resistance and obesity. Objective: To determine the prevalence of malnutrition (MNT) in children diagnosed with HIV/AIDS by viral load in the Pediatric Clinic HIV/AIDS at the Hospital Universitario del Valle in Cali, Colombia (HUV) and its possible association with certain risk factors. Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study, with case-control analysis, whose data were taken as viral load, CD4%, weight and height. Were categorized viral load (copies / ml): <400, ≥ 400 - <300000, ≥ 30000 - <1 million and ≥ 1 million, and the %CD4 <15%, ≥ 15% - <25% ≥ 25%. UNT is considered global (low W/A≥10%), chronic (low H/A≥5%), acute (low W/H≥10%) and overweight (excess W/H≥10%). Results: We included 111 children from 0 months to 15 years old with male predominance (51.3%), mode of transmission in 91.8%. 58.5% were aged ≥ 400 - <300,000 copies/ml viral load, and 59% had CD4% ≥25%. Nutritional assessment showed 64% global UNT, 58% acute UNT, 22% chronic UNT and 18% overweight. Risk was 1.7, 1.5 and 2.0 times the present global, acute and chronic UNT, respectively, if the viral load was ≥ 400 copies / ml. Conclusion: In children diagnosed with HIV/AIDS by viral load of Pediatric Clinic HIV/AIDS at the HUV in Cali, Colombia, the prevalence of MNT was higher than 18%, with a positive relationship more than 1.5 times between viral load and the different types of UNT.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Malnutrition/classification , Malnutrition/diagnosis , Malnutrition/epidemiology , Malnutrition/etiology , Malnutrition/immunology , Malnutrition/mortality , Malnutrition/pathology , Malnutrition/drug therapy , Malnutrition/blood , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/classification , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/complications , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/congenital , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/diagnosis , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/nursing , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/epidemiology , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/etiology , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/physiopathology , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/genetics , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/history , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/immunology , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/mortality , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/pathology , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/prevention & control , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/drug therapy , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/blood
9.
Radiol. bras ; 44(1): 13-19, jan.-fev. 2011. ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-579001

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: Este trabalho tem como finalidade descrever os achados tomográficos da tuberculose pulmonar em pacientes adultos com AIDS atendidos no serviço de radiologia de um hospital de referência em doenças infecciosas, procurar associações desses achados e a contagem de CD4. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Foram estudados 45 pacientes por meio de tomografia computadorizada de tórax durante quatro anos. RESULTADOS: Foram encontrados linfonodomegalia mediastinal e/ou hilar em 31 (68,8 por cento) dos casos, derrame pleural em 29 (64,4 por cento), nódulos centrolobulares de distribuição segmentar em 26 (57,7 por cento), consolidação em 24 (53,3 por cento), confluência de micronódulos em 17 (37,7 por cento), nódulos mal definidos com distribuição centrolobular em 16 (35,5 por cento), padrão de "árvore em brotamento" em 13 (28,9 por cento), espessamento de parede brônquica em 12 (26,6 por cento), cavidade de parede espessa em 10 (22,2 por cento), nódulos miliares em 9 (20 por cento) e bronquiectasias cilíndricas em 6 (13,3 por cento). Dos 45 pacientes, 35 (77,8 por cento) apresentaram CD4 < 200 cel/mm³ e 10 (22,2 por cento) apresentaram CD4 > 200 cel/mm³. CONCLUSÃO: Concluímos que neste estudo, diversamente do descrito na literatura, linfonodomegalia mediastinal e/ou hilar e consolidação foram significativamente mais frequentes em pacientes com CD4 > 200 cel/mm³. No entanto, linfonodos com centro hipodenso foram mais frequentemente observados em pacientes com severa imunodepressão, ou seja, CD4 < 200 cel/mm³.


OBJECTIVE: The present study is aimed at describing computed tomography findings pulmonary tuberculosis in adult AIDS patients assisted at a radiology unit of a reference infectious diseases hospital, in an attempt to establish the association between such findings and CD4 count. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-five patients were evaluated by chest computed tomography over a four-year period. RESULTS: Mediastinal and/or hilar lymph node enlargement was found in 31 (68.8 percent) cases, pleural effusion in 29 (64.4 percent), centrilobular nodules with segmental distribution in 26 (57.7 percent), consolidation in 24 (53.3 percent), confluent micronodules in 17 (37.7 percent), poorly defined nodules with centrilobular distribution in 16 (35.5 percent), tree-in-bud pattern in 13 (28.9 percent), bronchial wall thickening in 12 (26.6 percent), thick-walled cavity in 10 (22.2 percent), miliary nodules in 9 (20 percent), and cylindrical bronchiectasis in 6 (13.3 percent). Among the 45 patients, 35 (77.8 percent) presented CD4 count < 200 cel/mm³ and 10 (22.2 percent) presented CD4 count > 200 cel/mm³. CONCLUSION: Differently from reports in the literature, the authors conclude that mediastinal and/or hilar lymph node enlargement and consolidation were significantly most frequent in patients with CD4 count > 200 cel/mm³. However, lymph nodes with hypodense center were most often observed in severely immunosuppressed patients with CD4 count < 200 cel/mm³.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , AIDS-Related Complex , Pleural Effusion/etiology , HIV , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/diagnosis , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/etiology , Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/complications , Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/diagnosis , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome , Tomography, X-Ray Computed , Thorax/abnormalities
11.
Afr. j. AIDS res. (Online) ; 10(2): 181-187, 2011.
Article in English | AIM | ID: biblio-1256558

ABSTRACT

In South Africa; approximately 20of 15-49-year-olds are infected with HIV. Among black South Africans; high levels of HIV/AIDS misconceptions (e.g. HIV is manufactured by whites to reduce the black African population; AIDS is caused by supernatural forces or witchcraft) may be barriers to HIV prevention. We conducted a cross-sectional study of 150 young black adults (aged 18-26; 56males) visiting a public clinic for sexually transmitted infections; to investigate whether HIV/AIDS misconceptions were related to low condom use in main partner relationships. We assessed agreement with HIV/AIDS misconceptions relating to the supernatural (e.g. witchcraft as a cause of HIV) and to genocide (e.g. the withholding of a cure). In multivariate models; agreement that `Witchcraft plays a role in HIV transmission' was significantly related to less positive attitudes about condoms; less belief in condom effectiveness for HIV prevention; and lower intentions to use condoms among men. The belief that `Vitamins and fresh fruits and vegetables can cure AIDS' was associated with lower intentions among men to use condoms. Women who endorsed the belief linking HIV to witchcraft had a higher likelihood of unprotected sex with a main partner; whereas women who endorsed the belief that a cure for AIDS was being withheld had a lower likelihood of having had unprotected sex. Knowledge about distinct types of HIV/AIDS misconceptions and their correlates can help in the design of culturally appropriate HIV-prevention messages that address such beliefs


Subject(s)
HIV , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/etiology , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/prevention & control , Black People , Attitude , Condoms/statistics & numerical data
12.
Rev. medica electron ; 32(5)sept.-oct. 2010.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-616125

ABSTRACT

En los últimos años, el perfil epidemiológico de la infección por VIH ha cambiado: ha dejado de ser una enfermedad de homosexuales y drogadictos, y actualmente es la enfermedad que más impacta a la población joven, incluyendo a las mujeres en edad fértil, lo que le confiere una mayor trascendencia demográfica y social. El incremento de las cifras de mujeres infectadas denota un cambio en la dinámica de la epidemia a nivel mundial y nacional, lo que ha puesto en relieve la vulnerabilidad de las mujeres ante la infección. Esta alta vulnerabilidad de las mujeres está determinada por diversos factores: biológicos, condición económica, educativa y social, así como por el lugar de subordinación producto de la construcción cultural de la sexualidad y por la inequidad de género establecida socialmente...


Throughout the last years, the epidemiological profile of the HIV infection has changed: it has stopped being a disease of homosexuals and drug abusers, and now it is the disease that more affects young population, including women in their fertile age, conferring it a higher demographic and social transcendence. The increase of the number of infected women denotes a change in the dynamic of the epidemic at the national and international level, highlighting women's vulnerability to the infection. These women's high vulnerability is determined by several facts, associated to biological facts, their economic, educational and social condition, and also by the subordinated place they are in as a result of our sexual cultural construction and of the genre inequity socially established...


Subject(s)
Humans , Adolescent , Adult , Female , Risk Factors , Sexuality , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/epidemiology , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/etiology , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/transmission , Risk Groups
13.
Rev. cuba. med. trop ; 62(2): 146-153, Mayo-ago. 2010.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-584943

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCCIÓN: en los últimos años se ha incrementado el número de pacientes cubanos infectados con VIH con un rápido deterioro clínico e inmunológico. OBJETIVO: determinar posibles factores asociados a progresión rápida a sida. MÉTODOS: se realizó un estudio de tipo caso-control. Se estudiaron 26 pacientes con progresión rápida a sida, atendidos en el Instituto de Medicina Tropical "Pedro Kourí", entre septiembre de 2007 y agosto de 2008, y 2 grupos controles A y B de 20 pacientes cada uno. Se analizaron variables sociodemográficas, clínicas y de laboratorio. Se determinó por análisis logístico multivariado la asociación entre las variables de exposición y la progresión rápida a sida. RESULTADOS: las variables asociadas con progresión rápida a sida por el estimado puntual del OR ³ 2 fueron: sexo femenino (OR: 17,0), no uso de condón (OR: 3,24), valor de linfocitos TCD4+ al momento del diagnóstico de VIH£ 25 por ciento (OR: 8,0) y £ 400 células/mm³ (OR: 3,27), candidiasis oral (OR: 66,20), y una carga viral > 10 000 UI/mL al momento del diagnóstico de VIH (OR: 4,62). La edad mayor de 30 años al diagnóstico de VIH, los hábitos tóxicos, el síndrome de retrovirosis aguda sintomático y el resto de las coinfecciones no se asociaron con progresión rápida a sida. CONCLUSIONES: además de factores virales e inmunológicos, existen otros de carácter clínico y epidemiológico asociados con progresión rápida a sida, que deben tenerse en cuenta en la evaluación inicial del paciente como son sexo femenino, no uso de condón, candidiasis oral, valor de linfocitos T CD4+ y carga viral al diagnóstico.


INTRODUCTION: in the last few years, the number of HIV Cuban patients expressing rapid clinical and immunologic deterioration has increased. OBJECTIVE: to find out the possible factors associated to rapid progression to AIDS. METHODS: a case-control study was carried out with the objective of determining possible factors associated with rapid progression to AIDS. Twenty six patients with rapid progression to AIDS, who were seen at "Pedro Kourí" Institute of Tropical Medicine from September 2007 to August 2008 together with two 20- patient control groups (A and B) were involved in the study. Social, demographic, clinical and laboratory variables were analyzed. By means of multivariate logistic analysis, the association between the exposure variables and the rapid progression to AIDS was determined. RESULTS: the variables associated with rapid progression to AIDS using the punctual estimate of the Odds ratio (OR³ 2) were: female (OR: 17.0), non-use of condom (OR: 3.24), percentage of TCD4+ lymphocytes at the moment of HIV diagnosis £25 percent (OR: 8.0) and the absolute count £ 400 cel/mm3 (OR: 3.27), oral candidiasis (OR: 66.20), and an HIV viral load >10 000 UI/ml at the moment of the diagnosis (OR: 4.62). The age older than 30 years at HIV diagnosis, the toxic habits, the symptomatic syndrome of acute retrovirosis and the rest of the co-infections were not associated with rapid progression to AIDS. CONCLUSIONS: besides those well-known viral and immunologic factors, there are other clinical and epidemiological factors associated with rapid progression to AIDS such as being female, non-use of condon, oral candiasis, T cell CD4+ count and viral load. All of them must be taken into account at the moment of initial patient assessment.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Young Adult , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/etiology , Case-Control Studies , Cuba , Disease Progression
14.
Rio de Janeiro; s.n; 2010. 101 p. ilus, tab, graf.
Thesis in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-554107

ABSTRACT

Introdução: O conhecimento adequado sobre as formas de transmissão do HIV não é suficiente para a adoção de comportamentos de proteção, mas a falta dessas informações contribui para aumentar a vulnerabilidade ao HIV/AIDS. Indivíduos com menor nível sócio-econômico e comportamentos de risco, geralmente, apresentam níveis mais baixos de informação. Objetivo: Descrever o conhecimento dos usuários de drogas acerca do HIV/AIDS, utilizando metodologias distintas, de forma comparativa, e verificar a possível associação entre conhecimento e testagem para HIV. Descrever o conhecimento dos usuários de drogas acerca do HIV/AIDS, utilizando metodologias distintas, de forma comparativa, e verificar a possível associação entre conhecimento e testagem para HIV. Métodos: Os dados referem-se à linha-de-base de um estudo seccional realizado em 2006/2007, com uma amostra não-probabilística de 295 usuários de drogas ilícitas do Rio de Janeiro. Após análise exploratória, o conhecimento sobre a AIDS e formas de transmissão do HIV foi avaliado a partir de respostas a uma série de afirmações, classificadas como corretas vs. incorretas. As respostas de usuários que haviam sido ou não testados para o HIV foram comparadas com teste. Informações provenientes de 108 indivíduos, selecionados de forma aleatória, que receberam intervenção educativa com o uso de cartões ilustrando situações potencialmente associadas à transmissão do HIV foram avaliadas utilizando-se o Escalonamento Multidimensional (MDS). Verificou-se, ainda, a concordância entre as respostas obtidas através do questionário e da intervenção com cartões. Resultados: A maioria dos entrevistados era do sexo masculino (77%), com idade mediana de 29 anos e metade deles teve renda inferior a um salário mínimo no último mês. As drogas mais frequentemente consumidas foram: maconha, cocaína inalada, inalantes e ecstasy (91,5%, 67,5%, 61,0% e 15,9%, respectivamente)...


Proper knowledge on HIV transmission is not enough for people to adoptprotective behaviors, however, lack of these information may increase HIV/AIDS vulnerability. Individuals with a lower socioeconomic status and who present risky behaviors, usually have lower levels of information. Objective: To describe drug users’ knowledge on HIV/AIDS usingdifferent methodologies, in a comparative way, and assess possible association between knowledge and HIV testing. Methods: Data refers to a cross-sectional baseline studyundertaken in 2006/2007 with a non-probabilistic sample of 295 illicit drug users in Rio de Janeiro. After exploratory analysis, knowledge on AIDS and HIV transmission modes wasevaluated based on responses to a series of statements classified as “correct” vs. “incorrect”. Responses of users who have been or have not been tested for HIV were compared using χ²tests. Information from 108 drug users selected at random, who received an educational intervention using cards illustrating situations potentially associated with HIV transmission,were assessed using Multidimensional Scaling (MDS). Agreement between questionnaire and cards responses was also assessed. Results: Most of respondents were male (77%), with amedian age of 29 years, and half of them had an income lower than the Brazilian minimum wage in the last month. Drugs most frequently used were: marijuana, snorted cocaine, inhalants, and ecstasy (91.5%, 67.5%, 61.0% and 15.9%, respectively)...


Subject(s)
Humans , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , HIV Infections/etiology , Sexual Behavior , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/etiology , Substance-Related Disorders/etiology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Risk-Taking
16.
Rev. medica electron ; 31(5)sept.-oct. 2009.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-578000

ABSTRACT

La pandemia global del VIH ha representado un inmenso desafío al diagnóstico, tratamiento, y prevención de la tuberculosis- la principal causa de morbilidad y mortalidad entre personas que viven con el VIH/SIDA. Los elevados índices de mortalidad temprana documentados en personas con ambos padecimientos subrayan la necesidad de pruebas de diagnóstico rápidas y de tratamiento oportuno por la atipicidad de su presentación , la presencia en algunos pacientes del síndrome inflamatorio de reconstitución inmune al comienzo de la terapia antirretroviral y el desarrollo de diferentes grados de resistencia a las drogas tuberculostáticos.


HIV global pandemic has represented an immense challenge when diagnosing, treating and preventing tuberculosis- the main cause of morbidity and mortality among persons living with HIV/AIDS. The high indexes or early mortality documented in persons with both maladies states the necessity of fast diagnostic tests and opportune treatment because of the atypicity of their presentation, the presence of the immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome at the beginning of the antirretroviral therapy, and the development of different resistance levels to antituberculosis drugs.


Subject(s)
Humans , HIV , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/etiology , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/mortality , Tuberculosis/complications , Tuberculosis/diagnosis , Tuberculosis/mortality , Tuberculosis/prevention & control , Tuberculosis/therapy , Antibiotics, Antitubercular , Drug Resistance , Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome , Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active
17.
Rev. eletrônica enferm ; 11(2)jun. 2009. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, BDENF | ID: lil-550932

ABSTRACT

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a adesão dos profissionais de enfermagem ao seguimento clínico, após a exposição ocupacional a material biológico, no ambulatório especializado (AOPS). Os dados se referem a acidentes ocorridos com profissionais de enfermagem no período julho a dezembro de 2006 e foram obtidos por meio de consulta ao prontuário. O estudo foi desenvolvido nas duas unidades (campus e emergência) de um hospital universitário de grande porte na cidade de Ribeirão Preto. Observou-se que em 30,4% foi indicado o uso de anti-retrovirais para quimioprofilaxia; dos que fizeram o uso, 31,3% apresentaram efeitos adversos. Destaca-se que 69,6% dos profissionais completaram o seguimento clínico indicado. É premente a necessidade de implementação de um programa de educação permanente junto aos trabalhadores de saúde para prevenção de exposições ocupacionais e adesão ao seguimento clínico após exposição.


This study aimed to evaluate the adherence of nursing professionals to clinical follow-up after occupational exposure to biological material, in a special outpatient clinic for Occupational Accidents among Health Care Workers (AOPS). Data refer to accidents occurred to nursing professionals between July and December of 2006, and were obtained by consulting patient files. The study was developed in two outpatient clinics in a large sized University Hospital located in Ribeirão Preto/ Brazil. It was observed that in 30.4% of the cases the use of antiretroviral agents was indicated for chemoprevention, and 31.3% of those presented adverse effects. It is highlighted that 69.6% of the professionals completed the indicated clinical treatment. It is fundamental to implement an educational program among health workers to prevent occupational exposures and promote the adherence to clinical follow-up after exposure.


El estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar la adhesión de los profesionales de enfermería al seguimiento clínico tras la exposición ocupacional a material biológico, en la clínica especializada en Accidentes Ocupacionales en Profesionales de la Salud (AOPS). Los datos, obtenidos por medio de consulta a los registros médicos, se refieren a accidentes ocurridos con profesionales de enfermería entre julio y diciembre de 2006. El estudio fue desarrollado en dos unidades de un hospital universitario de gran porte en la ciudad de Ribeirão Preto, Brasil. Se observó que, en 30,4%, fue indicado el uso de agentes antirretrovirales para quimioprevención. De los que efectuaron el uso, 31,3% presentaron efectos adversos. Se destaca que 69,6% de los profesionales completaron el seguimiento clínico indicado. Es fundamental la implementación de un programa de educación permanente entre los trabajadores de salud para prevención de exposiciones ocupacionales y adhesión al seguimiento clínico tras la exposición.


Subject(s)
Nursing , /prevention & control , Health Personnel , Chemoprevention , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/etiology , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/prevention & control , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/transmission
18.
Rev. medica electron ; 31(1)ene.-feb. 2009.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-548216

ABSTRACT

La afectación renal en el SIDA es un tema poco abordado a pesar de su frecuencia, la misma depende de la acción directa e indirecta del virus, así como de las complicaciones y del tratamiento. La más frecuente de las complicaciones es la Insuficiencia Renal Aguda. La forma más típica de nefropatía asociada al VIH (NAVIH) se caracteriza por alto grado de proteinuria con progresión rápida a Insuficiencia Renal Terminal. En el SIDA se presentan diversas formas de glomerulopatías cuya expresión clínica va desde el Síndrome Nefrítico hasta el Síndrome Nefrótico.


Renal affection in AIDS patients is a theme almost not studied in spite of its frequency. It depends on the direct and indirect action of the virus, and also on the complications and the treatment. The most frequent of the complications is the acute renal insufficiency. The most typical nephropathy associated to the HIV is characterized by a high degree of proteinuria with fast progression to Terminal Renal Insufficiency. There are several forms of glomerulopathies in AIDS, the clinical expression of which ranges from the Nephritic Syndrome to the Nephrotic Syndrome.


Subject(s)
Humans , Kidney Diseases/complications , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/etiology , Epidemiology, Descriptive
19.
Journal of Qazvin University of Medical Sciences and Health Services [The]. 2009; 13 (2): 23-29
in Persian | IMEMR | ID: emr-102526

ABSTRACT

It is reported that 24-40% of hospital admissions in the world are related to addiction and its complications. Considering hepatitis, AIDS, cirrhosis and various malignancies following these complications, addiction is one of the most important problems in treatment centers worldwide. To determine Para clinical disorders and prevalence of viral infections in injection drug users This was a cross-sectional study in which Para clinical derangements including lab results, chest radiography, and abdominal and pelvic sonography of all patients admitted to infectious diseases ward at Al-Zahra hospital in Isfahan were evaluated during 2005. Also, the presence of HIV, HCV, and HBV infections in these patients during two consecutive years of 2004 and 2005 was taken into consideration. The total number of patients during 2 years was 92 among those 53 hospitalized during 2005 and 39 in 2004. The mean age was 31.7 years with an age range between 20 and 53. The mean length of injection was 3.9 years with a minimum of 2 months and a maximum of 21 years. Among patients hospitalized in 2005, 47% were abnormal for chest radiographs and 17% found to have splenomegaly based on sonography. Among these patients, leucocytosis [85.5%], anemia 86%], higher levels of ESR [74%], derangement in liver tests [60%] and coagulation disorders [55%] were also observed. Viral infections in patients admitted during 2004 were HCV [71%], HBV [12.8%], and HIV [7.6%] while 25.6% were negative for viral infection. In patients hospitalized through 2005, the viral infections were due to HCV [74.3%], HBV [14.3%], and HIV [17%] whereas 17% of patients found to be without viral infection. Based on data found in our study, the high prevalence of viral infection and Para clinical disorders in these patients highlights the importance and the urgency of such laboratory measurements at the very beginning following hospitalization


Subject(s)
Humans , Substance-Related Disorders/complications , Prevalence , Cross-Sectional Studies , Opioid-Related Disorders/virology , Opioid-Related Disorders/complications , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/etiology , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/epidemiology , Hepatitis C/etiology , Hepatitis C/epidemiology , Virus Diseases/epidemiology , Hepatitis B/etiology , Hepatitis B/epidemiology
20.
Rev. eletrônica enferm ; 11(1): 94-100, 2009. ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, BDENF | ID: lil-553927

ABSTRACT

A Hepatite C é uma doença que afeta cerca de 30 por cento das pessoas com HIV/aids em todo o mundo. Este trabalho teve por objetivo caracterizar o grau de conhecimento, de percepção, questões correlacionais e de segurança dos profissionais de enfermagem sobre a co-infecção aids/hepatite C, em um hospital especializado em doenças transmissíveis, localizado no interior do Estado de São Paulo – Brasil, no período de outubro de 2005 a novembro de 2006. Trata-se de um estudo exploratório de natureza qualitativa, realizado com 14 profissionais de enfermagem que atuam no referido hospital. Avaliou-se, também, a caracterização dos mesmos quanto à idade, sexo, tempo na profissão e tempo na instituição, por meio de perguntas fechadas. Pôde-se identificar a falta de informação dos profissionais sobre a doença; ausência de política de treinamento e capacitação dos mesmos pela instituição e ainda o desconhecimento das formas de transmissão, gerando a utilização exagerada e sem critério de equipamentos de proteção. É necessária a capacitação e atualização das equipes de enfermagem sobre a doença, em especial os profissionais com mais tempo de formados, contribuindo assim para melhora das condições de trabalho e da qualidade da assistência de enfermagem oferecida.


Subject(s)
Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Humans , Nursing Care , Occupational Health Nursing , Hepatitis C/complications , Hepatitis C/etiology , Hepatitis C/prevention & control , Occupational Risks , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/complications , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/etiology , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/prevention & control , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/transmission
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